Design standards for water supply systems in hazardous areasApplicable to Class I Div 1/2 zones (according to NEC 500/505 standards):Gas group: IIA/IIB (methane to ethylene environment)Temperature group: T3 (surface temperature …
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Challenges of fresh water supply for shipsFresh water demand standards for ocean-going ships:Daily consumption per capita ≥ 100L (including daily life, equipment flushing and power supply)Traditional water tank configuration: o…
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Boron exists in the form of boric acid (H₃BO₃) or borate in water sources. The typical concentration of seawater is 4-5mg/L, and brackish water can reach 10mg/L. Its particularity lies in:Neutral molecular form (pH<9) is di…
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Chlorine disinfection mechanism and risksChlorine (Cl₂) and hypochlorite (such as NaOCl/Ca(OCl)₂) generate hypochlorous acid (HOCl) through hydrolysis:NaOCl + H₂O → HOCl + NaOHCa(OCl)₂ + 2H₂O → 2HOCl + Ca(OH)₂HOCl penetr…
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Chloride ions (Cl⁻) are natural anions that are commonly found in groundwater (well water), surface water, seawater and atmospheric precipitation. The main sources include:Dissolution of rock salt layers (NaCl/KCl)Agricultural …
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Multi-media filterAs a mature underground iron removal solution, the system achieves simultaneous removal of iron ions, turbidity, color and suspended solids through graded filter media layers (particle size 0.8-12mm). When comb…
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